Nelson Mandela Biography

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.

A Xhosa, Mandela was born in Mvezo to the Thembu royal family. He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC and co-founding its Youth League. After the National Party's white-only government established apartheid—a system of racial segregation that privileged whites—he and the ANC committed themselves to the apartheid government's overthrow. Mandela was appointed President of the ANC's Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 anti-apartheid Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People. He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the South African Communist Party (SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government. In 1962, he was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial.

纳尔逊·罗利赫拉赫拉·曼德拉（1918年7月18日 - 2013年12月5日）是南非反种族隔离革命家，政治家，慈善家，谁担任南非总统从1994年到1999年他是该国的第一状态和第一黑头当选中一个具有充分代表性的民主选举。他的政府专注于通过处理制度化的种族主义和促进种族和解拆除种族隔离的遗产。在意识形态非洲民族主义和社会主义，他担任南非非洲人国民大会（ANC）党主席1991年至1997年。

一个科萨，曼德拉出生于和Mvezo到Thembu王室。他在约翰内斯堡律师工作前黑尔堡和威特沃特斯兰德大学的大学学习法律。在那里，他开始参与反殖民主义和非洲民族主义政治，加入非洲人国民大会和共同创办了共青团。之后，国家党的白只有政府建立种族隔离的白人特权，他和ANC承诺种族隔离政府的推翻种族隔离制度。曼德拉被任命为ANC的德兰士瓦分会会长，上升到突出，他在1952年的反种族隔离运动反抗参与和人民的1955年大会。他多次被逮捕的煽动性活动，并在1956年叛国罪审判是不成功起诉。马克思主义的影响，他秘密加入南非共产党（SACP）。虽然最初致力于非暴力抗议，与丰顺联想，他共同创办了激进民族之矛，我们Sizwe于1961年，领导了反对政府破坏活动。 1962年，他因涉嫌阴谋推翻国家和判处瑞佛尼亚审判无期徒刑。